I would have died without Roe v Wade. Now people will.

In September of 2020 I found out I was expecting a much wanted child. On October 2, 2020 I was admitted to the emergency department with heavy bleeding. I had lost so much blood I began passing out while waiting to be seen, and even during this period of the pandemic there were only a handful of people waiting in the ED waiting area. The doctor who confirmed the miscarriage was so gentle and he treated both me and my husband with intense compassion.

The nurse who was caring for me had been where I was and spent half the night talking with me and my husband about our similar experiences. She spent a lot of energy trying to convince me that the pain would lessen when I held my future child in my arms and that it would all feel worth it when I reached that final goal. She tried to offer me hope in my darkest moment.

Following my discharge from the hospital I followed up with an incredible and inclusive facility in Bangor—The Mabel Wadsworth Center. It was founded by a woman who was friends with my husband’s grandmother. When the staff found out about my experience and my severe hearing impairment, they welcomed my husband in during Covid restrictions so I would feel safe and be able to know what was going on.

When examined it was discovered that I had a blood clot, things were not clearing out the way they should have been, and it was necessary to remove what remained of my former pregnancy to save my life.

Laying on that table, knees in the air, I clutched my husband’s hand with one of mine and held on for dear life to the hand of the woman who would soon after become my primary care provider. The procedure that followed was excruciating as an abortion procedure was used to prevent further blood loss (proof to me that nobody would rely on this for birth control). And the recovery felt like a sunburn in my uterus with intense and overwhelming cramping up my back and down my legs.

Without this procedure, regardless the pain it left me in, I had a very good chance of getting an infection, going septic, and dying. At the very least it would have prevented me from trying to have more children. The recovery time for my miscarriage was 3 months. I bled buckets, but it was better than being dead. And it was better than having to face a future without children.

In the end, I was only able to have one child as complications during my pregnancy and delivery were too likely to occur again and be life threatening. On October 2, 2021, in an ironic twist for a child due on Halloween, we survived 3% odds because the proper care was available when I needed it. My child lived because I was protected under Roe v Wade.

In Maine, even without Roe, I would still have been protected today. But that doesn’t help the people who don’t live in states that retain this crucial right. Overturning Roe v Wade didn’t just remove abortion protections—it removed access to necessary care and family planning procedures, diminished survival odds for expectant parents, and put a whole new generation of uterus-baring individuals at risk of the catastrophic outcomes that existed in a world prior to those protections.

The “Supreme” Court has signed the death certificate for millions, but they think they’ve done a good deed and that is the real crime of religion.

Gooper (2014-2021)

Gooper was taken from a family that loved her dearly on the evening of Sunday the 26th of September 2021, just one month shy of meeting her new human baby (correction: he arrived on the 2nd of October). She was excited about the pending arrival of a new human to snuggle and love and spent many hours curled up on her mama’s lap enjoying the feeling of baby moving underneath her. 

Gooper loved no place more than to be in her papa’s lap or curled up beside him in bed. There was nowhere in the world Gooper was happier than with her papa—nothing she wouldn’t endure to be by his side. 

Gooper was born at the Skowhegan Animal Shelter in Skowhegan, ME, and was fostered by her papa with her mother and siblings (including her brother, Joey) in Bingham, ME, when she was just one day old. She was the runt of the litter and had an excess of goop in her eyes as a kitten. Her goopy eyes proved persistent enough to warrant being named for them, and she was thus dubbed “Goopy-Face.” To those who knew and loved her, she was just Gooper. She also answered to Goop, Goopenstein, Mein Goopen, her papa’s whistle, and the sound of her wet food being opened. 

Gooper and her papa, JaHann, bonded over the loss of a loved one early on and continued to develop that bond through additional struggles and losses. In addition to being separated from her family for 5 months in 2020, Gooper’s family bonded through the loss of her brother, Joey, her best friend, Orange Kitty, and a prior pregnancy her mama and papa lost. She also endured living in a van with her family in 2020, which was a struggle for the whole family who decided to just be grateful they were all together regardless the circumstances. 

Gooper was a phenomenal hunter and spent many nights throughout her life enjoying the wonderlands of the Maine woods. After her 5 month wilderness walk in 2020, during which it is suspected she first made the acquaintance of Orange Kitty, she learned to hunt with a collar on that rattled a bell whenever she moved. Even with her bell she helped the lovely maintenance staff at her apartment complex curb the mouse population, but on her last day of life also managed to finally catch the chipmunk that had been evading her all summer. Proud as she was of her catch, and overall how well she provided for her family, the chipmunk was only stunned and managed to escape (much to Gooper’s dismay and Mama’s relief). 

Gooper was a lover of wet food and catnip. Her favorite activities included sleeping on old pizza boxes and rolling around on the floor with her pink fuzzy ball. Her favorite ways to spend time with her family were either curled up and getting hearty snuggles in, or wandering outside and rolling around in the dirt to get belly skritches. 

Gooper is survived by her papa, mama, an unborn younger human sibling, and her feline sister, Rowena. She is predeceased by her brother, Joey, her best friend, Orange Kitty, and her previous favorite toy, Grey Mouse. 

She will be deeply missed for a long time.


A message from the author (Mama)


The world stops for a minute. It spins in place before time lets go and we have to move forward again. Slowly at first, but with time we revive our pace. We fight to leave the safety of the world on pause, but resent how quickly the chaos of the real world spills back in. This safety, this world where time stands still, it hurts too much to last. We live in a space of needing to hold on, but wanting to let go. To feel it, but to not feel anything at all. 

This is an obituary for a cat that meant the world to me, to her papa, and to extended family who knew what a good girl she truly was. It doesn’t even begin to summarize everything she managed to be during her short life. She was hope. Love, unconditional. Gooper was comfort. And claws, but that was always a good reminder that we were alive. 

It’s the little things I’ll miss. I will miss how hard she tried to calm her excitement over evening wet food, and how she always managed to figure out how to sit on command no matter how hard her body wiggled with anticipation. I will watch videos of her wrestling and licking every last scrap of catnip off her fuzzy pink ball and wish I could give her such blissful joy again. I will never stop looking for her when I hear the faint chime of a bell. The sound of lawnmowers outside our window will remind me how much comfort she got from us as we held her and hid her from the terrifying world, but how she always seemed to prefer to be near her sister, Rowena, instead. 

It is no joke to say she was a remarkable hunter. After her time away from us while we lived in our van, we were concerned about never seeing her again… uh, again. We thought she’d fight the collar and learn to resent its melodic little bell, but she never minded it. At first the squirrels taunted her, aware even more than she of her presence in the woods behind our new apartment. But our girl was smarter than we gave her credit for and within a few months the mice started appearing at her feet—always an offering of her love and devotion to her family. Her love overflowing as she tried to be a good provider. 

Among our favorite moments, if not one of the most hilariously frustrating, Gooper once dragged a mouse into our apartment and proceeded to continue her hunt without hesitation. Perhaps she left it in amongst her toys for us to find, or maybe she was as surprised as we were to find it there the next morning, but a stomach-wrenching snack was had all the same. 

There are endless words to write in conveyance of her life and her worth, but they all say the same thing: she was wonderful and she will be deeply missed. There is an emptiness in our home that nothing will ever truly fill. Time, as it rages ever forward, will make this easier to carry and harder to remember. Our sadness will be followed with laughter as we embrace and more deeply appreciate the moments we have left with those she’s left behind. This empty space will grow quieter as new memories and new love fill our healing hearts. 

For everything she was for us, from morning under-the-covers snuggles to the perfect cure for depression, Gooper will forever hold a space in our hearts. 

Goodbye, Mein Goopen. 

Goodbye Darkness, My Old Friend.

Grasshopper on the Horizon, copyright LilyMatilda.com 2021

Grasshopper on the Horizon, copyright LilyMatilda.com 2021

In January of 2009 I made a phone call that changed the course of my life forever. I called the woman who I knew as my mother, who I have up to this point simply referred to as “my abuser,” to tell her about all the wonderful things going on in my life. What mother doesn’t want to know that their child is happy and thriving? Mine. 

She never learned what those wonderful things were. When she found out that I intended to talk about myself she immediately began berating me, calling me selfish because I didn’t call to listen to her talk about how terrible her life was. I didn’t call to take ownership of my parent’s damage so I was called selfish and demeaned for two hours. This was the culmination of 23 years of life with this woman. This was what I was used to. 

In the months that followed I attempted to negotiate boundaries with her in an effort to keep myself safe, but it proved futile. I was left with only one rational course of action: to say goodbye. 

Instead of respecting this singular boundary I left for her, she tarnished my name within my family and forced them all to choose between us. (She then spent the next 10+ years finding ways around that boundary and manipulating anyone she could to gain access to me.) One singular member of my family reached out through all of this to make sure I was okay, but he’s gone now. 

In the 12+ years since declaring my independence from trauma not a single member of my family ever asked for my side of the story. Most of them have no comprehension of why I made the choice I made. These people who watched my entire life unfold before them for 23 years had zero knowledge of what I’d been through. What this woman had put me through. 

In the end, it doesn’t matter what my story is. The past is behind me and the trauma is slowly fading as love and healthy relationships fill in the darkness. 

For a time I thought I was strong enough to claim my seat at the table, to have a family and be loved by them. Recent events have proven that I was wrong. After years of putting in the effort, of reaching out and trying to connect, not a single member of my family (save a cousin who has also been set aside by them for daring to believe she could feel safe) bothered to prioritize an event that would only happen once in my life: a baby shower for my first child. 

I can forgive a lot of things, and I can be compassionate and understanding to considerably more, but I can’t deny the return of those feelings from all those years ago. Something wonderful is happening in my life and instead of celebrating with me I have been abandoned. Again. Left feeling selfish because I wanted to revel in this beautiful moment. Though one person made the effort to make a small blanket and send some used baby items my way, nobody else made any effort and even that single person failed to show up when it mattered. 

I spent the night before the baby shower crying quietly into my pillow. I would sleep for an hour, wake up to pee, and then cry for 2 hours. The cycle repeated until dawn. I began what should have been a fun and love-filled day with tears in my eyes—devastated that all the time and effort to repair these relationships had been a waste of time. 

My cousin, the only family that has consistently been a source of support and love for me, told me after the shower that I should put the past behind me and leave it there. She was right. Family isn’t supposed to hurt like that. I had friends make the effort to tune in to the baby shower from Serbia and Argentina, so there was no excuse why my family couldn’t be there. 

Year after year, special event after special event, they all failed to show up. I think I wanted them so badly I ignored the fact that they didn’t really want me. The ones who made minor efforts don’t even know me. They have no idea how I think or feel, what kinds of things I like, or what I like to do with my time. The funniest part of it is that they’ve been grieving a loss for years of a person that I was very much like. I sat at his funeral and realized that he and I were very much the same kind of person—except that I don’t care for sports.  But while he was celebrated and then grieved, I have been discarded unceremoniously and forgotten. Because he was a good boy who didn’t rock the boat and I was a trouble maker who dared believe I deserved happiness. 

So I finally accept what my family has been telling me all along—I am not one of you. I do not belong in your lives, nor you in mine. In order to live the life I have worked so hard for, I have to let go of the past. I have to let go of the people who want the credit for being my family, but who refuse to put in the time. I need to be done with empty apologies and love that hurts. 

My family are the ones who show up even if they have to sit on the lawn of their church building to be able to tune in to my baby shower in time, or watch from the car because they are prioritizing me while attending to their responsibilities. The ones who put in the effort to plan my baby shower, text me on my birthday, and make time for me during intermission at the ballet. My family are the ones who know who I am and can tell when I’m not okay even when every word I say tries to sell a different story. They’re the ones who protect me from the darkness inside and make time for me when there is none to spare. The family I choose is the family that doesn’t hurt. Blood no longer counts for anything. 

I left my job as a direct result of COVID-19, and now my unemployment benefits are being challenged.

I moved back to Maine in October of 2019. I was supposed to be setting out on the Appalachian trail in February of 2020 and having a wedding in November of 2020. Kind of doing the honeymoon first sort of situation. 

When the pandemic started and it was apparent that it wouldn’t be intelligent to continue with our plans to do the AT (or have a wedding) I began looking for work. I got a job in May of 2020 as a caregiver and would visit client’s homes and perform tasks they couldn’t complete on their own. I enjoyed this work and it gave me something to look forward to every week during a time when circumstances pushed my fiancé and I into living in our van. Those circumstances persisted for 7 months before we secured housing in a low-income development. 

In October of 2020 I experienced a pregnancy loss and in November of 2020 I was exposed to Covid-19 and forced to isolate in my house for 2 weeks. In short, this broke my brain, but I continued to go to work following my isolation and reminded myself that my precautions had kept me safe from infection while all others who had contact with the person who exposed me to the virus had tested positive. 

By January I was having daily breakdowns and could not get through the day without a panic attack. I continued to do my job, even when one of my favorite clients passed away and that grief was thrown on top of everything else. But after months of therapy it was determined that leaving my job was in my best interest and that continued risk of another exposure would be too much for my mind to handle. 

With the support of my therapist and my fiancé I left my job and was convinced I wouldn’t get approved for unemployment. I applied anyway and was approved, but as a long time Libertarian I struggled with the idea of relying on my government for support. The response I received any time I expressed this hesitation was that it’s my money and I shouldn’t feel guilty for accessing it. 

I got my first job when I was 17. I had dropped out of school and within the first month of employment was working an average of 72 hours a week. By the time I was 20 I was working two full time jobs and pulling overtime at both. Nearly 90 hours a week for over a year. This work ethic continued for the duration of my employment history and I never once filed for unemployment, even when I should have. I have always believed in earning my keep and working for what I need. 

Covid-19 brought on complications to my mental health and I reluctantly agreed to do what was best for myself regardless of my core values. 

2 weeks ago my unemployment account was flagged for ID verification in a sweeping reform done by the state of Maine. Upon verifying my ID and confirming that I am indeed who I say I am, they canceled my claim anyway. The system has turned into a guilty until proven innocent process and upon being found innocent you are still deemed culpable. This is sold to me as an effort to reduce fraud, but part of my expansive work history includes 3+ years as a fraud analyst and I can tell you that fraud is not nearly as prevalent as the government thinks it is. 

I continue to put the required effort into finding employment, but with my mental health still in a stabilizing process I can’t guarantee I can do any job for any length of time. I don’t have the support I need to get better and feel safe, so the withdrawal of my unemployment benefits will not hasten my return to the workforce. We will sell our car before I will return to a job that pushes me to relapse on the recovery I’ve managed so far. 

It’s almost like the majority of people utilizing unemployment benefits actually need them and it has nothing to do with a desire to be unemployed. Many of us are simply still too afraid or too damaged to return to work. 

Guilty until proven innocent, and innocent but culpable, are not ethical ways to approach anything—especially in the United States—so why is this the default setting of our government? 

Perspective

Photo credit: Mike Pekrul

Photo credit: Mike Pekrul

Try to see someone as they see themselves rather than how we perceive them.

Others in our perspective would include thinking about resentments we hold, opinions we form, or events that they were or would be a part of. We pull them into our world and fit them into our narrative. 

To look into someone else’s perspective, to see them from their point of view, we have to think about what they see when they look in the mirror. We can understand someone better when we consider how they feel in a situation, what experiences they’ve had that may have led to where they are with their lives, or what kinds of things they worry about.

To look at someone in terms of their perspective we see them more deeply—more dearly. To allow ourselves to take place in their narrative has the profound impact of increasing our understanding of humanity as a whole. 

ParentIng With PTSD

Copyright © Lilith Matilda 2021

Copyright © Lilith Matilda 2021

Many would likely find no judgment if I were to declare that my child is worth the effort for me to work towards my mental health goals, but the reality is I don’t view my mental health as my child’s responsibility. In offering that they are worth my effort to be healthy I am holding them responsible to continue to be worthy of that. 

No. That is what was done to me. 

Far too many times as a child I had to listen to the words, “I would kill myself if I didn’t have you kids.” No child deserves that kind of responsibility. It makes personal emotional autonomy impossible, makes obedience obligatory under threat of death, and forces a child to give up childhood at much too young an age. 

I am worthy of being mentally and emotionally healthy. All on my own. And I am capable of holding the responsibility for my emotional and mental health. The child I am expecting, and the future children I am hoping for, will have their own share of troubles and my job is to teach them how to cope with their own minds. That’s a task enough to learn on its own without having to learn how to cope with my mind as well. 

We will have conversations that equate to, “mama had some bad things happen and it means their brain doesn’t always do the right thing, but they are doing what they can to learn how to fix it and they are actually doing a really good job even if it looks too hard.” Because there won’t be any hiding my broken parts from my kids. If I intend to raise emotionally mature people who know how to learn how to cope in healthy ways then I need to lead by example. I need to be able to be vulnerable with my children and teach them that it’s okay to be vulnerable, too. They need to learn that sometimes life can hurt, but no matter how hard things get it’s always okay to be kind to ourselves and trust that the love around us will forgive our failings and allow us the opportunity to try for a better result next time. 

My children will never be responsible for my emotional well-being, but they will be afforded the opportunity to learn from it. They will learn the value of talk therapy at a young age. They will understand the importance of healthy boundaries and will know how to enforce theirs in healthy ways. They will be encouraged to feel their feelings and learn from them. 

I’m not going to be a perfect parent, but I’ll be damned if I do what was done to me. I may not be able to protect my children from experiencing at least some generational trauma, but I don’t need to make sure the experience it. 

Grief

LilyMatilda.com 2020

LilyMatilda.com 2020

This is an adaptation of a message sent to a friend following a miscarriage while being homeless.


I have forgotten what it feels like: home. For months I have felt adrift in uncertainty and listlessly tormented by the universe. 

I don’t think I have really figured out what to say. This is not what I wanted. None of this. But I don’t regret it. I don’t regret taking the risks that put me here. I don’t regret trying. I don’t regret following my heart. I don’t regret doing the right thing even when it’s been the hardest thing in the world. I don’t regret trusting or being true to myself. I don’t regret very many things in my life anymore. 

And I’m not angry. I know there’s nothing to be angry about. I know that I’m just sad and I am healthy enough to understand that sad can look like anger, but only weakness let’s us believe we are truly angry. 

I am strong. I will survive, even in the moments I wish I didn’t have to. Because I don’t believe there’s anything for me when I die and I refuse to waste my life if it’s the only one I get. I refuse to let my whole life be swallowed up by my moments of sadness and fear. 

But it still hurts. And I’m still afraid. But what way is there but forward, you know? We can sit at the base of the mountain being afraid of the sky, or we can take the risk and climb even though we know we could come crashing down over and over again. I want to touch the sky. I don’t care what it costs me or how tired I feel. 

I know that when I reach the end of my journey here I will lie on my death bed knowing I lived my best life. Knowing that all my broken pieces and all my shattered dreams will have passed on long before me. And I’ll give up my life in peace. But until that moment I keep getting back up. Because that moment, to reach the end of my life having done the best I could, is worth every price I can pay. 

I Used To Daydream…

Spencer Island, Washington. 2019

Spencer Island, Washington. 2019

I used to daydream about having some mysterious past that showed up out of nowhere and made trouble for me. A long lost twin sister who escaped a mental facility to go on a multi-state killing spree, a secret power that is basically all of the powers combined so I’m so powerful the government can’t even detect me so I have to protect all the weaker people with secret powers so the government doesn’t kidnap them and do experiments in an underground laboratory, or the obvious wayward royal scenario. Don’t get me started on Cleopatra, because she’s a secret obsession we do NOT talk about. 

I enjoyed these daydreams. They made me feel important and scandalous without the disgusting part of being vulnerable or actually in danger or whatever. I didn’t want to face the truth: I had an unsavory past I was hiding from. Only, this was not as glamorous as super powers or countless riches in faraway palaces. I made up these scenarios to escape from the truth that I had been hiding myself from everyone I loved. I realized that nobody who knew me really knew anything about me. I had made myself forgettable, not special. My mind can do amazing things. It can protect me from some dark moments. But it can’t make me special unless I open my mouth. 

Because, Why Not?

Grand Falls, Maine 2020

Grand Falls, Maine 2020

I have always been a writer. My first poems scribbled with crayons in my coloring books. I have been holding myself back, deeply concerned about how others perceive me and my journey. 

Over the last few years I have slowly reduced and then finally eradicated my social media presence. It came with the sacrifice of no longer being a part of the collective, but so many of us aren’t anyway. I have my birthday largely forgotten by the majority of people who have known me, but the people who remember make it remarkably more meaningful. It means these people cared enough to make the effort to remember on their own. (I count having the forethought to put it in their calendars as making the effort.) 

As I began to address each day with a blank canvas rather than the expectations of presenting some sort of categorized life to the masses (who never cared that I was there), I began to realize what I really found joy in. I was never inauthentic in how I presented myself on the internet, but I felt restricted to a tiny lens of myself. 

Today I begin a new project. Today I begin to write for myself again. Any thoughts, unrestrained, told through my personal dramatic flair and put in my online journal. So what if nobody ever reads my stories and recognizes the brilliance of my ideas—the internet remembers everything. 

The Circle of life

Jeanne, Sebastian, & Mikea family astride : lilith matilda

Jeanne, Sebastian, & Mike

a family astride : lilith matilda

Let’s talk for a moment about the cyclical nature of life. If you like, you can pause reading long enough to put The Lion King soundtrack on as some nice mood music in the background. With that out of the way, and potentially a good meal on its way to being ready for you (as I imagine we are all always waiting for the next time we get to eat), we can engage in the idea of an equation most humans refuse to see a large side of. 

This topic is on hand for a number of reasons, not the least of which is a conversation my roommate and I recently had of her wishes to be turned into a classroom skeleton and mine to be planted in the roots of a tree overlooking my grandparent’s graves in rural Maine.

Death. And life, but death. When people are afraid to have children, to accept the responsibility of life (likely because they know it’s at least slightly more complicated than having a cat), we scoff at them and encourage them to take a closer look at the miracle that it is.

“Don’t you want to join us in overpopulating the planet!?”

(P.S. I plan to have kids . . .)

Very few people on average enjoy talking about death. There’s a finality to life that we just accept, but the same finality in death is impossible to wrap our minds around. We can accept that, at birth, now this new person will always have existed without even considering the implications, but we can’t accept that, at death, they will always now be gone. It terrifies us.

But what if our embrace of life can help us cope with the loss of death? What if we had a dad who only turned his life around when he knew he’d be a grandfather? What if the legacy he now leaves behind is the life he lived for that little bundle he called Sunshine? Both life and death can be turning points on our road. With the beginning of life we try anew to be better than we were yesterday. With the imminent nature of death we strive to be better for tomorrow. We reach behind and we reach forward while simultaneously having to exist in the here and now.

Let a life lost be something we accept, or even embrace, as a valuable part of a life left to live. Nothing can mend a broken heart, but time can move forward the cycle and we can grow richer and deeper through the losses that have come to rest in our foundations.

When we hike over well-trodden paths we spend a significant amount of time staring at the beauty of the trees without considering that the dirt beneath our feet is both food to those trees and the remnants of those that lived countless lifetimes before you ever stood in that spot. The new trees cannot survive if the old trees do not fall. Some of the new trees don’t weather the storms or seasons and fall prematurely, but they all serve the same purpose: to support life.

 

For Andrew

He was grumpy and temperamental, but he tried. The love of his life, aside from his wife, Lucy, and his daughter, Jeanne, was his grandson, Sebastian. Along with his son-in-law, Michael, they all survive him. He tried to be a better man because he loved and was loved in return.

Why LilyMatilda?

Why LilyMatilda?

It’s about art. It’s about telling stories that matter about people who make a difference. It is about highlighting the work of people who deserve to be believed in. It’s about changing the world by inviting the world to be a part of a community that doesn’t destroy, but one that builds.

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The Progress of Women

Women suffragists march for the right to vote during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. (Photo credit: www.woodrowwilson.org)

Women suffragists march for the right to vote during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson. (Photo credit: www.woodrowwilson.org)

Progress for women since 1865 has made being a woman in the world today significantly more comfortable and laced with afforded freedoms earned over decades of tumultuous effort. Women’s suffrage began to become a prevalent issue in the latter half of the 19th century, with the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) being founded by Susan B. Anthony in 1890 (Bowles, 2011). Significant areas of improvement happened once suffrage gained traction in the early part of the 20th century, and the passing of the 19th Amendment in 1920 allowed women the right to vote. As the Roaring Twenties introduced society to the New Woman, or the Flapper, and the first and second World Wars saw in increase of women in the workforce. In addition to earlier efforts for civil equality, the Women’s Liberation Movement was another significant push forward for women as was the passing of the Equal Pay Act in 1963 and the ruling in Roe vs Wade that made abortion legal in 46 states in 1973 (Bowles, 2011). All of those years of fighting for equality and struggling for freedoms regardless of gender have afforded women of today the comforts of political and personal voice in the United States. Recent passing of  “Yes Means Yes” legislation in California to make it necessary to receive affirmative consent prior to sexual acts is an indication that women will continue to work towards greater understanding and equality within American culture. Where women are now is a result of over a century of struggles to reclaim their voices, their rights, and their bodies from a society that would otherwise repress and control them. 

The first tides of the women’s rights movement started in 1848 when the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments was drafted by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and subsequently signed by 68 women and 32 men (Bowles, 2011). In 1872 Susan B. Anthony was arrested for attempting to vote and by 1890 she had founded National American Woman Suffrage Associatioin (NAWSA) and the push for political and social equality for women began in full force (Dow, 1995). 

Susan B. Anthony not only made advancements for women in politics possible with her activism, but also worked to advance women in education and subsequently the workplace (Dow, 1995). As pivotal as Anthony was to the suffrage era, activists like Alice Paul increased the intensity of the movement by approaching it in a more militant manner with protests and hunger strikes starting in 1913 and lasting through the Great War years (Bowles, 2011).  Just when the suffrage movement was gaining the most traction politically the United States entered into the first World War and suffragettes and the NAWSA utilized the opportunity to highlight the patriotism of women and prove their rights for full citizenship (Dumenil, 2002). Among the top points of involvement for women in World War I that are cited among the most important contributions to the war were women-at-arms, along with women who participated in the war efforts with physician and nursing services (Klanovicz, 2010). Though they were not afforded military rank or honors, women served in the military and that service marked a significant turning point for women in the years to come (Bowles, 2011). 

In non-military roles women were taking up jobs that had previously been held by men, but whom could no longer fill the post themselves due to their service in World War I (Anderson, 1944). As invaluable as women proved to be during the Great War, they were displaced when men came home from war and took their jobs back (Anderson, 1944). Following end of the war women faced hardships and injustices in their displacement which resulted in the formation of the Woman in Industry Service, which later became the Women's Bureau, to “promote the effective utilization of women” (Anderson, pp. 238, 1944).

In 1920 the 19th Amendment, or the Suffrage Amendment, was passed and allowed women the freedom to vote (Bowels, 2011). The process within the government was a slow one and took decades to reach a conclusion with part of the problem being the government's lack of ability to clarify if the issue should be a state or a federal one (Keremidchieva, 2013). Part of the jurisdictional battle seemed to focus on the states' control over which groups were allotted the right to vote (Keremidchieva, 2013). The argument did not simply cover enfranchisement for women, but for all minority groups, which included immigrants (Keremidchieva, 2013). It is important to note that, regardless of progress and victory up to this point, the passing of this new Amendment did not necessarily entitle women to equality socially, but only in moderate terms politically (Keremidchieva, 2013). With the passing of the 19th Amendment women gained a sense of enfranchisement and liberation that was obvious during the Roaring Twenties in the form of the New Woman, or as they were more popularly referred to, Flappers (Bowles, 2011). These women seriously upset the social construct that had existed for as long as women themselves, it seems. The sense of empowerment and liberation was obvious in the styles that were prevalent during that era: scantily clad compared to more refined generations with no corsets, petticoats, or bras (Bliven, 2013). Some reasons cited for this drastic change in fashion and cultural attitude was the newly found sense of independence that came from being able to vote and make a living in combination with a desire, as women, to be seen as more than what had previously been the expectation of femininity (Bliven, 2013).

The sense of celebration that engulfed the 1920's toned down as the world again faced war, but women took this added opportunity to again prove their status and worth both politically and socially during World War II. As was similar to Word War I, women were recruited by the government to fill roles that men could not fill due to their service in the military (Anderson, 1944). Many believed that women would return to the home and continue in their roles as wives and mothers once the war ended, but there were spreading suspicions that women were going to use their experiences of work and service during World War II to the advancement of the interests of women (Anderson, 1944). 

Over the course of the war women were still actively working to advance their political and social interests of equality, such as the organisation of the Women's Centennial Congress in November of 1940 whose purpose was to “look backward over achievements won, look outward at discriminations still existing, look forward to the emphases imperative for the advancement of mankind” (Anderson, pp. 238, 1944). Through the 1950's the ratio of women to men of marrying age shifted and a dramatic decrease in compensation for women to hold the traditional roles of wife and mother led up to Women's Liberation Movement that began in 1960 with Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mistique (Heer & Grossbard-Shechtman, 1981). From 1960 to 1975 there were major shifts in gender roles including an increase in contraceptive technology and use, a decrease in marriage and childbearing, and increase percentages of women experiencing intercourse outside of marriage (Heer & Grossbard-Shechtman, 1981). 

The Women's Liberation Movement did a lot to address issues of not just traditional gender roles and expectations, but also worked to improve equality for women in other areas as well. Though the percentages of women increasing their educations during the Women's Liberation era was not significant, more married women were entering the workforce and maintaining employment with an increase of 25.3% between 1960 and 1975  (Heer & Grossbard-Shechtman, 1981). 

During the years of the Women's Liberation Movement  there were major pieces of federal legislation that advanced the cause of women significantly. Two of the most significant rulings for women were the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Roe v Wade just ten years later in 1973. While the Equal Pay Act of 1963 impacted women financially and in the employment arena, the ruling on Roe v Wade opened up the possibilities of women to gain more freedom regarding their bodies. 

Essentially the Equal Pay Act of 1963 provided protection for women by requiring equal pay for equal work, but it set a precedent that lead to amendments to this act as well as additional legislation such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that provided protection for employment regardless of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1967 that protected employed individuals over 40 years of age (Moran, 1970).

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Sources:

Anderson, M. (1944). The postwar role of American women. American Economic Review, 34237-244. 

Bowles, M. (2011). A history of the United States since 1865. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.

Bruce Bliven, “Flapper Jane” (May 8, 2013): http://www.newrepublic.com/article/113130/bruce- bliven-interviews-flapper

Carroll, S. (Nov., 1985). Political elites and sex differences in political ambition: a reconsideration. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 1231-1243. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy- library.ashford.edu/stable/pdfplus/2130817.pdf

Dow, S. I. (1995). Failure is impossible: Susan B. anthony in her own words, by lynn sherr. Women and Language, 13(2), 51. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/198808879? Accountid=32521

Dumenil, L. (2002), American women and the great war. OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 35-39. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25163562

Heer, D. M., & Grossbard-Shechtman, A. (1981). The Impact of the Female Marriage Squeeze and the Contraceptive Revolution on Sex Roles and the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States, 1960 to 1975. Journal of Marriage and Family, (1). 49.

Kelderman, E. (2014). What california's new sexual-consent law means for its colleges. The Chronicle of Higher Education, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1609312452? accountid=32521

Keremidchieva, Z. (2013). The Congressional Debates on the 19th Amendment: Jurisdictional Rhetoric and the Assemblage of the US Body Politic. Quarterly Journal Of Speech, 99(1), 51-73. doi:10.1080/00335630.2012.749418

Klanovicz, L. F. (2010). Mobilizing Minerva: American Women in the First World War. Canadian Journal Of History, 45(2), 409-411.

Moran, R. D. (1970). Reducing discrimination: role of the Equal Pay Act. Monthly Labor Review, 93(6), 30.